|
The Narada Bhakti Sutra (IAST: Nārada Bhakti
Sūtra) is a well known sutra venerated within the traditions of
Hinduism, purportedly spoken by the famous sage, Narada. The
text details the process of devotion (Bhakti), or Bhakti yoga
and is thus of particular importance to many of the Bhakti
movements within Hinduism. It has received particular attention
among the Vaishnava traditions.
Sanskrit scriptures often appear in variant editions which may
show differences in organization and verse numbering. For
example in the translation by Swami Prabhavananda there are
eighty-four verses arranged in nine chapters[1], whereas in the
Bhaktivedanta Book Trust translation by A. C. Bhaktivedanta
Swami Prabhupada and his disciple Satsvarupa dasa the
eighty-four verses are organised into five chapters.
As organized by Swami Prabhavananda, the text covers the
following subjects:
Chapter 1 (verses 1-6) provides a definition of bhakti.
Chapter 2 (verses 7-14) stresses the importance of renunciation
and self-surrender.
Chapter 3 (verses 15-24) provides exemplars of divine love.
Chapter 4 (verses 25-33) endorses bhakti as the highest goal of
human life.
Chapter 5 (verses 34-42) provides suggestions on how to practice
divine love.
Chapter 6 (verses 43-50) explains the importance of seeking holy
company.
Chapter 7 (verses 51-57) discusses the difference between
preparatory and supreme devotion.
Chapter 8 (verses 58-73) covers the forms of divine love.
Chapter 9 (verses 74-84) recommends the practice of ethical
virtues and worship of God.
Key Concepts
Within the text Narada explains the perfectional stage of pure
devotion; the process to achieve this state; gives quotations
from other Vedic personalities on the subject matter; things to
avoid when developing bhakti; and finally explains the nature of
selfless love and the different forms of attachment to the
Supreme person.
Pure Devotion
Firstly bhakti itself is defined as being "the most elevated,
pure love for God"[3] which is eternal by nature and through
following which one obtains perfect peace and immortality
(release from samsara). The symptoms of such devotion are that
one no longer has any selifsh desires, nor is affected by the
dualities of loss or gain for himself being fully content with
(and experiencing ecstacy through) the process of bhakti itself.
Narada describes that lust is absent in one who executes bhakti
purely because they naturally have no personal desires to
fulfill.
The aspirant bhakta is encouraged to renounce "social customs"
and "religious rituals" and to focus purely on service to God
with exclusive dedication, being indifferent to whatever may
stand in the way of such service. Activities of social custom
and religious rituals that are favorable to devotional service
are still promoted but devotional activities are given as "the
only means for reaching the perfection of life."
The text then goes on to quote Vyasa, Garga and Sandilya in
terms of their opinions on what is bhakti, giving the opinion
that all three are correct but in conclusion "bhakti consists of
offering one's every act to the Supreme Lord and feeling extreme
distress in forgetting Him". The Gopis (cowherd women) of
Vrindavan are given as an example of devotees who display this
form of pure bhakti, but warning is also made against 'false
devotion' made in imitation of this perfectional stage which
Narada follows by stating "Furthermore, the Lord dislikes the
proud but is pleased with the humble".
Bhakti begets bhakti
An important point is made in verse 30 in regard to the
relationship between bhakti and knowledge: "But the son of
Brahma [Narada] says that bhakti is its own fruit" [8]. In his
commentary, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada further
describes in regard to this verse that "bhakti is not dependent
on anything else for nourishment"[9] being complete in itself,
without dependence on the paths of either knowledge or
renunciation.
Obtaining bhakti
The methods initially described for obtaining bhakti are as
follows:
Giving up wordly pleasures and the close company of others who
indulge such activities
Worshipping the Supreme Lord ceaselesly
Hearing and speaking about the Lord's special qualities and
activities
However, following these three, the text gives the "mercy of
great souls" or "a small drop of the Lord's mercy"[10] as the
most important factors in developing true devotion. Saying that
such association is so rare and precious that it can only be
obtained through the mercy of God Himself, thus the instruction
is given in verse 42: "Strive, strive only for the association
of pure devotees".
Items to avoid
Alongside the acceptance of positive practices in the
cultivation bhakti, the text also describes items which should
be avoided by the aspiring bhakta. Intimate dealings with others
who are against the path of bhakti or who indulge in sinful
habits is described as potentially dangerous for one attempting
to purify their consciousness: "Material association is the
cause of lust, anger, confusion, forgetfulness, loss of
intelligence, and total calamity" [12]. It further explains that
only one who abandons such material association, serves the
sages and becomes selfless in their dealings, renouncing desires
for profit or gain can cross beyond the ocean of illusion. Even
the Vedas are given as an object to renounce for one for wants
to obtain pure and uninterrupted love for God[13]. In later
chapters however an instruction is also given that respect
should be shown for all scriptures which promote bhakti
(devotion) and an aspirant bhakta should endeavour to follow the
instructions of such texts.
The nature of pure love
The text states that the true nature of pure love of God is
beyond description, but this does not restrict God from
revealing it to those who are qualified. Once this pure love is
obtained it says that a person "looks only at the Lord, hears
only about Him, speaks only of Him, and thinks only of Him"
[15]. Secondary forms of this love are given as stepping stones
which bring one to the perfectional stage, with each stage
nearer to perfection being better than those preceding it[16].
It is also stated that bhakti is a much easier practice to
obtain perfection through, than by any other process. The reason
being that "it does not depend on any other authority for its
validity, being itself the standard of authority. Furthermore,
bhakti is the embodiment of peace and supreme ecstasy."
Ultimate attachment
In conclusion the sutra gives an instruction to "patiently
endure" [18] until the perfectional stage of bhakti becomes
manifest, whilst cultivating qualities such as nonviolence,
honesty, cleanliness, compassion and faith. Again it is said
that the Lord "reveals Himself to His devotees"[19] and that
bhakti is the most precious of all possessions.
Next a list of forms of attachment is given, through which a
devotee should attain a loving feeling towards God, including :
attachment to the Lord's qualities
attachment to His beauty,
attachment to worshiping Him,
attachment to remembering Him,
attachment to serving Him,
attachment to dealing with Him as a friend,
attachment to surrendering one's self completely to Him,
attachment to being absorbed in thoughts of Him,
Finally a number of devotional figures from Puranic scriptures
are quoted as being agreement with the truth of the process
given, including: the Four Kumaras, Vyasa, Śuka, Sandilya, Garga,
Vishnu, Kaundilya, Sesha, Uddhava, Aruni, Bali, Hanuman and
Vibhishana.
The last verse of the text gives the message that: "Anyone who
trusts these instructions spoken by Narada and is convinced by
them will be blessed with devotion and attain the most dear
Lord. Yes, he will attain the most dear Lord." |